For example, in the US in 2003, 19% of adult women smoked versus 24% of adult men. While female smoking rates have indeed increased relative to male rates since the 1970's, female smoking rates continue to be lower than those for men. However, there are likely to be other factors involved. Some have ascribed this trend to increased smoking rates in women over the past two decades. Strikingly, this projected increase in COPD-related morbidity and mortality will be driven largely by the female population, a trend that started 20 years ago. Although COPD is currently the 4th-leading cause of mortality and the 12th-leading cause of disability, by the year 2020 it will be the 3rd-leading cause of death and the 5th-leading cause of disability worldwide. Future research powered specifically on gender-related changes in lung function is needed to confirm these early findings.Ĭhronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of death in North America and Europe and the only major disease for which the morbidity and mortality are still increasing in these continents. ConclusionĪs female smokers age, they appear to experience an accelerated decline in FEV 1% predicted compared with male smokers. Age did not materially affect the rate of decline in FEV 1% predicted in male and female former and never smokers (p = 0.775 and p = 0.326, respectively). Female current smokers had with increasing age a significantly faster annual decline in FEV 1% predicted than male current smokers (linear regression analysis, R 2 = 0.56 p = 0.008). However, on average current smokers had a faster annual decline rate in FEV 1% predicted compared with never and former smokers. There was heterogeneity in gender-related results across the studies. Of the 646 potentially relevant articles, 11 studies met these criteria and were included in the analyses (N = 55 709 participants). MethodsĪ systematic review and a meta-analysis was performed of population-based cohort studies that had a follow-up period of at least 3 years, measured FEV 1 on at least two different time points, and presented FEV 1 data stratified by gender and smoking status in adults. This study reviewed the available evidence to determine whether female adult smokers have a faster decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1) compared with male adult smokers and whether age modifies the relationship between cigarette smoke and lung function decline.
Whether female adult smokers are biologically more susceptible to COPD is unknown. Machine-packed cigarettes are now classified into two instead of four tiers-those with a net retail price (NRP) of P11.50 or less per pack, and those selling above that.Recent reports indicate that over the next decade rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in women will exceed those in men in the western world, though in most jurisdictions, women continue to smoke less compared with men. 90-2012, which lays down the new schedule of sin taxes. 1, the day the new tax rates became effective, Revenue Commissioner Kim Henares issued a notice to manufacturers and importers of tobacco products and alcoholic beverages advising them to get a copy of Revenue Memorandum Circular No. He said he had been using the gadget for a week, although he and his friends did some “panic buying” of real tobacco products before the sin tax law was signed. It costs over P1,000 in some retail outlets. His colleague Fred, who also works for a business process outsourcing firm, said he was trying out an electronic cigarette in anticipation of the higher prices of tobacco products.Īn e-cigarette is a tube that gives out nicotine-laden vapor instead of smoke from burning tobacco. A block from Edita’s sidewalk spot, call center agent Rai (last names are withheld) said he had already shifted to a brand that sells for only P27 a pack.
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